01 Overview

Cities are increasingly expected to deliver public services with greater effectiveness and accountability. While many are beginning to adopt AI and data-driven systems, a shared digital foundation to support coordination and verifiability across organizations and domains remains largely absent. As a result, long-standing public-sector challenges—such as fragmented data sharing, citizen privacy concerns, slow financial flows, and high compliance and reporting costs—continue to divert institutional capacity away from improving services and outcomes. Instead, this capacity is often spent managing public trust through short-term political negotiation and manual administrative processes.

Recent advances in public blockchains make it possible to transparently embed verification, accountability, and coordination capabilities directly into how public rules and finances operate.

Rather than introduce new fully centralized or closed platforms, as previous and current government modernization efforts have done, these technologies offer a practical path to increasing state capacity without expanding state power and vendor control, or adding further administrative overhead. In doing so, they can enable the development of a shared digital "trust" layer across cities that extend accountability from administrative processes to transparent technical mechanisms.

02 Why Cities

• Hypothesis #1: Cities are the primary institutional level where coordination and service delivery must happen in real time due to their proximity to operational pressure.
• Hypothesis #2: Cities face immediate service demands, operate across dense networks of public and private actors, and contend with real implications and constraints that require equally pragmatic solutions.
• Hypothesis #3: Despite wide variation in competitive pressures and context, thousands of municipal governments and service providers worldwide face common operational needs, creating clear but currently underleveraged opportunities for experimentation and knowledge transfer.
• Hypothesis #4: Together these conditions make cities powerful levers for public sector innovation, offering a scalable pathway for modernizing civic and state capacity.

03 Call for Implementations

The Verifiable Cities landscape is intended to frame early areas of inquiry and surface concrete use cases with the potential to meaningfully improve city operations and outcomes.

As part of this work, the Ethereum Foundation Use Case Lab is issuing an open call for implementations. The work is oriented toward collaboration with city and regional governments, as well as other funders and organizations engaged in municipal innovation. Priority will be given to implementations that are narrowly scoped, aware of real-world constraints and considerations, and test approaches that can inform broader adoption over time.

Implementations may take several forms, including:

• Sandboxed/Focused Pilots
• Policy Frameworks & Regulatory Guidance
• Technical Primitives & Open Standards

A non-exhaustive set of implementation focus areas:

We anticipate supporting a select number of implementations through a combination of technical support, exploratory funding, and connections to relevant collaborators and ecosystems. The specific form and scope of resourcing will be determined through initial conversations as appropriate.

04 Inspiration

The following pieces have shaped our thinking around the Verifiable Cities track. The list serves as a non-exhaustive set of reference points for the space, providing both historical context and insights into the current state of the field.